In this Article, you will get the answers of object-oriented programming 2018 papers. What Is An Object? How Can Do We Use Objects In Progra...
In this Article, you will get the answers of object-oriented programming 2018 papers.
- What Is An Object? How Can Do We Use Objects In Program
- Explain Different Type Of Object.
- What Are The Main Characteristics Of Object Oriented Language?
- Write Marits And Demerits Of Object Oriented Methodology?
- What Is Constructor? Is It Mandatory To Use Contructor In A Class
- What Is Meant By Abstract Class?
- What Is Inheritance? What Are The Different Form Of Inheritance? Write Suitable Codes To Illustrate Them
- What Is Message Passing? How Objects Are Interacted With One Another?
- What Is Run Time Polmorohism Explain With Example
- Explain The Following - 1. Overriding 2. Function Polymorphism
- Ecplain Exception Handling And Multi-Threading
- Write A Short Notes - 1. Data Collections 2. Destruction 3. Overloding
object-oriented programming 2018 answer -
What Is An Object? How Can Do We Use Objects In Program
In object-oriented programming, an object is a self-contained unit of functionality that can be manipulated and interacted with. Objects are instances of classes, which are templates or blueprints that define the properties and methods of the object.
An object has two main characteristics:
State: The data or information that the object holds. For example, an object representing a car might have a state that includes its make, model, and current speed.
Behavior: The actions that the object can perform. For example, the car object might have a behavior that allows it to accelerate or brake.
In order to use objects in a program, you first define the class that will be used to create the object. Then you can create instances of that class, and manipulate them using their properties and methods. For example, in Python:
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class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.speed = 0
def accelerate(self, amount):
self.speed += amount
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
my_car.accelerate(20)
print(my_car.speed) # Output: 20
In this example, we defined a Car class with two properties (make and model) and a method (accelerate). We then created an instance of the class called my_car, and used its accelerate method to increase its speed.
Explain Different Type Of Object.
There are several types of objects in object-oriented programming, including:
Concrete objects: These are objects that are created from a class and have specific values for their properties. In the example I provided in my previous answer, my_car is a concrete object.
Abstract objects: These are objects that cannot be instantiated on their own, but are used as a base class for other objects. An abstract class is defined with the "abstract" keyword and it's used to define the methods and properties that are common to a group of classes.
Singleton objects: These are objects that can only have one instance throughout the lifetime of a program. They are often used for objects that need to maintain a global state, such as a configuration manager or a logging service.
Prototype objects: These are objects that are used as a blueprint for creating new objects. They are often used in situations where creating a new object from scratch is costly or time-consuming.
Immutable objects: These are objects whose state cannot be modified once they are created. They are useful for situations where the object's state needs to be shared between multiple parts of a program without the risk of it being modified.
Mutable objects: These are objects whose state can be modified after they are created. They are useful for situations where the object's state needs to be modified frequently.
Smart objects: These are objects that are aware of their environment and can make decisions based on that information. They are often used for objects that need to interact with other objects or the outside world.
What Are The Main Characteristics Of Object Oriented Language?
Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages have several main characteristics that set them apart from other programming paradigms. These include:
Encapsulation: The ability to group related data and functions together in an object, hiding the details of the implementation and exposing only a public interface. This allows for greater code reuse and easier maintenance.
Inheritance: The ability for a class to inherit properties and methods from a parent class. This allows for code reuse and a more organized class hierarchy.
Polymorphism: The ability for a single function or method to operate on multiple types of objects. This allows for greater flexibility and code reuse.
Abstraction: The ability to create classes that represent abstract concepts and ideas rather than concrete objects. This allows for a more modular and reusable code.
Dynamic binding: the ability to link a method call to the method implementation at runtime
Overriding: The ability for a derived class to change or extend the behavior of a method in its parent class.
Overloading: The ability for a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different signatures.
Message passing: the ability of objects to communicate with each other by sending and receiving messages.
These characteristics are not unique to OOP languages and can be found in other languages too, but they are the central characteristics of OOP languages and are heavily used in the design and implementation of object-oriented programs.
Write Marits And Demerits Of Object Oriented Methodology?
Object-oriented methodology (OOM) is a popular approach to software development that has both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages:
Encapsulation: OOM allows for the creation of self-contained objects that can be reused and maintained independently of other parts of the code.
Code reuse: Through inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, OOM facilitates the reuse of code and promotes the development of reusable software components.
Modularity: OOM promotes the separation of concerns and the development of code that is easy to understand and maintain.
Better organization: OOM helps to organize code in a way that corresponds to the real-world objects and concepts, making it more intuitive and easier to understand.
Dynamic binding and message passing: OOP allows for the creation of more flexible and dynamic systems by allowing objects to interact with each other through message passing and dynamic binding.
Disadvantages:
Complexity: OOM can lead to a more complex codebase, especially in large projects, as developers must navigate and understand the interactions between different objects.
Overhead: OOM can add additional overhead to a program, as objects must be created and managed in memory.
Performance: OOM can have a negative impact on performance, as the dynamic nature of OOP can lead to slower execution times and increased memory usage.
Difficulty of testing: OOP can make testing and debugging more difficult, as objects may have hidden internal states and complex interactions.
Difficulty of learning : OOP can be difficult to learn, especially for those who are more familiar with other programming paradigms.
Overall, OOP is a powerful and flexible methodology that can be used to create complex, large-scale systems, but it is not without its challenges. The choice of OOP or other methodology depends on the specific requirements of the project and the skills of the development team.
What Is Constructor? Is It Mandatory To Use Contructor In A Class
In object-oriented programming, a constructor is a special method that is automatically called when an object is created from a class. The constructor is responsible for initializing the state of the object by setting its properties to their initial values.
A constructor can also be used to perform any other tasks that need to be done when the object is created, such as allocating memory or initializing other objects.
It is not mandatory to use a constructor in a class, but it is considered a best practice to do so. If a class does not define a constructor, the programming language will provide a default constructor that does nothing.
In some programming languages, such as Python and Java, you can define a constructor using the __init__ method. In C++, constructors are defined using the class name and no return type.
For example, in Python:
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class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.speed = 0
In this example, the __init__ method is the constructor for the Car class, it's called when an instance of the class is created and it initializes the make, model and speed properties of the object with the values passed as arguments.
It is important to note that, in some programming languages, you can also use a special kind of constructor called "default constructor" which accepts no arguments.
What Is Meant By Abstract Class?
An abstract class is a class in object-oriented programming that cannot be instantiated on its own. It is a blueprint or template for one or more derived classes. An abstract class defines the common properties and methods that all its derived classes will share, but it does not provide a complete implementation for them.
An abstract class is defined using the "abstract" keyword and it's usually used to define the methods and properties that are common to a group of classes. An abstract class can contain both abstract and concrete methods. Concrete methods are methods that have a complete implementation, while abstract methods are methods that do not have an implementation and must be implemented by the derived classes.
In some programming languages such as Java and C++, to define an abstract method, you use the abstract keyword before the method signature in the class definition.
For example, in Java:
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abstract class Shape {
public abstract double getArea();
}
In this example, Shape is an abstract class and it contains an abstract method getArea() which does not have an implementation, it's left for the derived classes to provide the implementation.
It is important to note that, an abstract class can also have constructor but it cannot be instantiated, it's used only for inheritance.
What Is Inheritance? What Are The Different Form Of Inheritance? Write Suitable Codes To Illustrate Them
Inheritance is a mechanism in object-oriented programming that allows a derived class to inherit properties and methods from a parent class. The derived class, also known as the child class, inherits the properties and methods of the parent class, also known as the base class, and can also add its own properties and methods.
Inheritance allows for code reuse and a more organized class hierarchy, as it promotes the sharing of common properties and methods among related classes.
There are several forms of inheritance, including:
Single inheritance: A derived class inherits from a single parent class.
For example, in Python:
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class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
class Car(Vehicle):
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
super().__init__(make, model)
self.year = year
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2020)
print(my_car.make) # Output: Toyota
print(my_car.model) # Output: Camry
print(my_car.year) # Output: 2020
In this example, the Car class inherits from the Vehicle class, and it has access to the make and model properties and methods from the parent class.
Multiple inheritance: A derived class inherits from multiple parent classes.
For example, in Python:
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class Engine:
def __init__(self, horsepower):
self.horsepower = horsepower
class Transmission:
def __init__(self, gears):
self.gears = gears
class Car(Engine, Transmission):
def __init__(self, make, model, year, horsepower, gears):
Engine.__init__(self, horsepower)
Transmission.__init__(self, gears)
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2020, 200, 6)
print(my_car.horsepower) # Output: 200
print(my_car.gears) # Output: 6
In this example, the Car class inherits from both the Engine and Transmission classes, and it has access to the properties and methods from both parent classes.
Multi-level inheritance: A derived class inherits from a parent class, which in turn inherits from another parent class.
For example, in Python:
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class GrandParent:
def __init__(self, last_name):
self.last_name = last_name
class Parent(GrandParent):
def __init__(self, first_name, last_name):
super().__init__(last_name)
self.first_name = first_name
class Child(Parent):
def __init__(self, age, first_name, last_name):
super().__init__(first_name, last_name)
self.age = age
my_child = Child(5, "John", "Doe")
print(my_child.first_name) # Output: John
print(my_child.last_name) # Output: Doe
print(my_child.age) # Output: 5
In this example, the `Child` class inherits from the `Parent` class, which in turn inherits from the `GrandParent` class. The `Child` class has access to the properties and methods from both the `Parent` and `GrandParent` classes.
What Is Message Passing? How Objects Are Interacted With One Another?
Message passing is a mechanism in object-oriented programming that allows objects to communicate with each other by sending and receiving messages. Objects can send messages to other objects to request them to perform a specific task or to retrieve information.
In message passing, objects interact with one another by sending messages to each other, rather than directly accessing each other's properties or methods. This allows for greater flexibility and encapsulation, as objects do not need to know the internal details of the objects they are communicating with.
There are several ways to implement message passing in different programming languages, but the basic idea is that an object sends a message to another object, which triggers a method call on the receiving object.
For example, in Python:
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class Car:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
def accelerate(self, amount):
print(f"{self.make} {self.model} is accelerating by {amount} mph.")
class Driver:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def drive(self, car):
print(f"{self.name} is driving a {car.make} {car.model}.")
car.accelerate(20)
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
john = Driver("John")
john.drive(my_car)
# Output: John is driving a Toyota Camry.
# Toyota Camry is accelerating by 20 mph.
In this example, the Driver object sends a message to the Car object by calling its accelerate() method. The Car object receives the message and performs the requested task of accelerating.
Message passing is a way to interact and communicate between objects, it allows for a more modular, flexible and maintainable code as objects are not tightly coupled and they don't depend on each other's internal details.
What Is Run Time Polmorohism Explain With Example
Polymorphism is a feature in object-oriented programming that allows a single function or method to operate on multiple types of objects. This allows for greater flexibility and code reuse, as the same function or method can be used on different types of objects without the need to write separate code for each type.
There are two types of polymorphism: compile-time and runtime. Compile-time polymorphism is also known as static polymorphism, it is achieved through method overloading, operator overloading and function overloading.
On the other hand, runtime polymorphism, also known as dynamic polymorphism, is achieved through method overriding and late binding. Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a different implementation for a method that it inherited from its parent class. The method that is executed at runtime is determined by the actual type of the object, rather than the type of the reference variable.
For example, in Python:
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class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def speak(self):
pass
class Dog(Animal):
def speak(self):
return "Woof!"
class Cat(Animals):
def speak(self):
return "Meow!"
animals = [Dog("Fido"), Cat("Whiskers"), Dog("Buddy")]
for animal in animals:
print(animal.speak())
# Output: Woof!
# Meow!
# Woof!
In this example, Dog and Cat classes are derived from Animal classes and they both have overridden the speak() method. The speak() method is called on each animal in the animals list, but the method that is actually executed is determined by the type of the object at runtime, not by the type of the reference variable.
This is an example of runtime polymorphism, because the actual method that is called is determined at runtime based on the type of the object, and not the type of the reference variable.
Explain The Following - 1. Overriding 2. Function Polymorphism
Overriding: In object-oriented programming, overriding is a feature that allows a derived class to change or extend the behavior of a method that it inherited from its parent class. This is achieved by providing a new implementation for the method in the derived class. The method that is executed at runtime is determined by the actual type of the object, rather than the type of the reference variable.
For example, in Python:
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class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, make, model):
self.make = make
self.model = model
def drive(self):
print(f"{self.make} {self.model} is driving.")
class Car(Vehicle):
def drive(self):
print(f"{self.make} {self.model} is driving on the road.")
class Truck(Vehicle):
def drive(self):
print(f"{self.make} {self.model} is driving on the highway.")
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
my_car.drive() # Output: Toyota Camry is driving on the road.
my_truck = Truck("Ford", "F-150")
my_truck.drive() # Output: Ford F-150 is driving on the highway.
In this example, the Car and Truck classes are derived from the Vehicle class and they both have overridden the drive() method. The drive() method is called on each object, but the method that is actually executed is determined by the type of the object at runtime, not by the type of the reference variable.
Function polymorphism: In object-oriented programming, polymorphism refers to the ability for a single function or method to operate on multiple types of objects. This allows for greater flexibility and code reuse, as the same function or method can be used on different types of objects without the need to write separate code for each type.
Function polymorphism can be achieved through function overloading and function overriding. Function overloading allows for multiple functions with the same name but different parameter lists to be defined in a class. Function overriding allows for a derived class to provide a new implementation for a function that it inherited from its parent class.
For example, in C++:
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class Shape {
public:
virtual void draw() = 0;
};
class Rectangle: public Shape {
public:
void draw() {
cout << "Drawing a rectangle" << endl;
}
};
class Circle: public Shape {
public:
void draw() {
cout << "Drawing a circle" << endl;
}
};
void draw_shape(Shape& shape) {
shape.draw();
}
int main() {
Rectangle rect;
Circle circle;
draw_shape(rect); // Output: Drawing a rectangle
draw_shape(circle); // Output: Drawing a circle
return 0;
}
In this example, the draw_shape() function accepts a reference to an object of the Shape class and calls the draw() method on it. However, the actual method that is called is determined by the actual type of the object passed to the function, which can be either a Rectangle or a Circle. This is an example of function polymorphism, because the same function can be used to draw different types of shapes, even though the draw() method is implemented differently in each class.
Function polymorphism is a powerful feature in object-oriented programming, it allows for more flexible, reusable and maintainable code. It allows for a single function to operate on multiple types of objects, without the need to write separate code for each type, which can simplify the codebase and make it easier to understand and maintain.
Ecplain Exception Handling And Multi-Threading
Exception handling: Exception handling is a mechanism in programming that allows a program to handle errors or exceptional conditions that may occur during execution. Exceptions are events that are triggered when a runtime error occurs, such as a division by zero or a null reference.
When an exception is thrown, the normal flow of the program is interrupted, and the program tries to find an appropriate exception handler that can handle the exception. If an exception handler is found, the program continues executing the statements inside the exception handler. If no exception handler is found, the program terminates and generates an error message.
Exception handling is typically implemented using a try-catch block. The try block contains the code that may throw an exception, and the catch block contains the code that handles the exception.
For example, in C++:
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int main() {
try {
int x = 5, y = 0;
int z = x / y; // This statement will throw an exception
} catch (const std::exception& e) {
std::cerr << "Error: " << e.what() << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
In this example, the try block contains the code that may throw an exception, in this case a division by zero. The catch block contains the code that handles the exception, in this case it prints an error message.
Multi-threading: Multi-threading is a programming technique that allows a program to execute multiple threads of execution concurrently. A thread is a lightweight, independent unit of execution that runs in parallel with other threads within the same process. Threads share the same memory space and can communicate with each other through shared variables and data structures.
Multi-threading allows for a program to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, which can improve the performance and responsiveness of the program. It also allows for more efficient use of system resources, as the program can perform multiple tasks at the same time rather than waiting for one task to complete before starting another.
For example, in Python:
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import threading
def print_numbers():
for i in range(10):
print(i)
def print_letters():
for letter in "abcdefghij":
print(letter)
t1 = threading.Thread(target=print_numbers)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=print_letters)
t1.start()
t2.start()
In this example, two threads are created, one for the print_numbers() function and one for the print_letters() function. Both threads are started concurrently and will run in parallel, allowing the program to print numbers and letters at the same time.
Write A Short Notes - 1. Data Collections 2. Destruction 3. Overloading
Data Collections: Data collections are data structures that are used to store and manage large amounts of data in a program. Some common examples of data collections include arrays, lists, sets, and dictionaries. These data structures are designed to efficiently store and retrieve data, and often provide useful operations such as sorting, searching, and filtering.
Destruction: Destruction, also known as deallocation, is the process of freeing up memory that was previously allocated for an object. This is typically done automatically by the program when an object is no longer being used, but it can also be done manually using a destructor method. Destruction is an important aspect of memory management, as it helps to prevent memory leaks and other performance issues.
Overloading: In object-oriented programming, overloading is the ability to use the same method or operator name with different parameters. This allows for methods and operators to have multiple implementations depending on the types or number of arguments passed to them. Overloading is an important feature in many programming languages, it allows for more concise and readable code, as well as better code reuse.
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